Upon upgrading from Sharepoint 2010 to 2013, we encountered the following behavior for setting an automatic refresh for powerpivot sheets:
When an auto refresh was set, and a new version of the same document was uploaded, the auto refresh fails. It does not even show the refresh history page, but just the page where you can enable one.
Upon enabling a new auto refresh, the history page shows up, and now it does display the latest refreshes (including the one that failed with the error “Could not find the schedule for this work item”).